Direct-Object Pronouns in Spanish

In Spanish as in English, a direct object is a noun or pronoun that is directly acted upon by a verb. In a sentence such as I see Sam, Sam is the direct object of see because Sam is who is seen. But in a sentence such as I am writing Sam a letter, Sam is the indirect objects. The item being written is letter, so it is the direct object. Sam is the indirect object as one who is affected by the verbs action on the direct object. A difference with Spanish, however, is that the set of pronouns that can be direct objects differs slightly from those that can be indirect objects. The 8 Direct-Object Pronouns of Spanish Here are the direct-object pronouns along with the most common English translations and examples of their uses: me — me — Juan puede verme. (John can see me.)te — you (singular familiar) — No te conoce. (He doesnt know you.)lo — you (singular masculine formal), him, it — No puedo verlo. (I cant see you, or I cant see him, or I cant see it.)la — you (singular feminine formal), her, it — No puedo verla. (I cant see you, or I cant see her, or I cant see it.)nos — us — Nos conocen. (They know us.)os — you (plural familiar) — Os ayudarà ©. (I will help you.)los — you (plural formal, masculine or mixed masculine and feminine), them (masculine or mixed masculine and feminine) — Los oigo. (I hear you, or I hear them.)las — you (plural feminine formal), them (feminine) — Las oigo. (I hear you, or I hear them.) The differences between these pronouns and the indirect objects are found in the third person. The indirect third-person pronouns are le and les. Note that lo, la, los, and las can refer to either people or things. If they are referring to things, be sure to use the same gender as the name of the object being referred to. Example: Where the noun is masculine: Tengo dos boletos.  ¿Los quieres? (I have two tickets. Do you want them?)Where the noun is feminine: Tengo dos rosas.  ¿Las quieres? (I have two roses. Do you want them?) If you dont know the gender of the direct object, you should use lo or los: No sà © lo que es porque no lo vi. (I dont know what it is because I did not see it.) Word Order and Direct-Object Pronouns As you can see from the above examples, the location of a direct-object pronoun can vary. In most cases, it can be placed before the verb. Alternatively, it can be attached to an infinitive (the form of the verb that ends in -ar, -er or -ir) or a present participle (the form of the verb that ends in -ndo, often the equivalent of English verbs that end in -ing). Each sentence in the following pairs has the same meaning: No lo puedo ver, and no puedo verlo (I cant see him).Te estoy ayudando, and estoy ayudà ¡ndote (I am helping you). Note that when the direct object is added to a present participle, it is necessary to add a written accent to the last syllable of the stem so that the stress is on the proper syllable. Direct-object pronouns follow affirmative commands (telling someone to do something) but precede negative commands (telling someone not to do something): està ºdialo (study it), but no lo estudies (dont study it). Note again that an accent needs to be added when adding the object to the end of positive commands. Le as a Direct Object In some parts of Spain, le can substitute for lo as a direct object when it means him but not it. Less commonly in some areas, les can substitute for los when referring to people. You can learn more about this phenomenon in the lesson on leà ­smo. Sample Sentences Showing Use of Direct Objects Direct objects are shown in boldface: Me interesa comprarlo, pero mà ¡s tarde. (I am interested in buying it, but much later. The me in this sentence is an indirect object.)Tu nariz està ¡ torcida porque tu madre la rompià ³ cuando eras nià ±o. (Your nose is bent because your mother broke it when you were a boy. La is used here because it refers to nariz, which is feminine.)Puedes vernos en el episodio 14. Nos puedes ver en el episodio 14. (You can see us in Episode 14. Both of these sentences mean the same thing, as the direct object can either come before the verbs or attached to the infinitive.)Te quiero mucho. (I love you a lot.) Key Takeaways A direct object is a noun or pronoun that is acted on directly by a verb.In Spanish, direct- and indirect-object pronouns can differ in the third person, unlike in English.When the direct object of a verb is the equivalent of it, in Spanish you need to vary the gender of the pronoun according to the gender of the noun being referred to.

Conflict management in the workplace - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1339 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Conflict Management in the Workplace Introduction Conflict management in the workplace is an issue that every leader, manager, or employee has to deal with at one time or another. The basics of conflict management include improving communication, teamwork, and a systematic approach to solving the disagreement. This paper explores various techniques that can be utilized to manage conflict in the workplace. Workplace Conflict Management Conflict is defined by Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman as the process in which one party perceives that its interests are being opposed or negatively affected by another party (p. 362). Sometimes conflict that be a positive force within an organization, while at other times it is a negative force. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Conflict management in the workplace" essay for you Create order An example of conflict as a positive force is that the creation and resolution of conflict may lead the company to constructive problem solving. It may also lead people to search for ways of changing how they do things. The conflict resolution process can ultimately be a stimulus for positive change within an organization (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). However, conflict may also have serious negative effects on an organization. For example, conflict may divert efforts from goal attainment or it may deplete resources (particularly time and money) (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Conflict also may negatively affect the psychological well-being of employees and cause stress (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 364). Indeed, conflicting workplace ideas may lead to anger, tension, and anxiety. Deep and lasting conflicts that continue without conflict management may even lead to violence between employees and others (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 365). Therefore, it would be fair to say that conflict may sometimes be advantageous and at other times destructive. Workplace managers must be sensitive to the consequences of conflict. These consequences range from negative outcomes (such as loss of skilled employees, sabotage, low quality of work, stress and even violence) to positive outcomes (such as creative alternatives, increased motivation and commitment, high quality of work, and personal satisfaction) (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 365). Conflicts (whether they are negative or positive) will arise in organizations whenever interests collide and when these differences affect the relationship between interdependent people, they must be constructively managed (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 365). According to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, some ways to manage conflict include: the forcing style, the accommodating style, the compromising style, and the collaborating style. The forcing style refers to assertive and uncooperative behaviors and reflects a win-lose approach to interpersonal conflict (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 374). This forcing style relies on coercive power and dominance to resolve the conflict. In the forcing style, the person who is trying to resolve the conflict feels that one side must win and that one side must lose (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 374). The accommodating style, according to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, refers to cooperative and unassertive behaviors (p. 376). The accommodation style manifests itself as a long-term strategy to encourage cooperation by others, or as a submission to the wishes of others. The accommodator tries to reduce tensions and stresses by reassurance and support (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 376). This style shows concern about the emotional aspects of conflict, but does not deal with substantive issues this style simply results in covering up or glossing over the issue (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman p. 376). According to Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, the compromising style refers to behaviors at an intermediate level of cooperation and assertiveness (p. 377). This style is based on give and take, which usually involves a series of concessions. This technique is commonly used and widely accepted as a means of resolving conflict. A collaborating style refers to strong cooperative and assertive behaviors. It is the win-win approach to interpersonal conflict handling (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 376). In this stylistic approach to workplace conflict management, it is sharing, examining and assessing the reasons for the conflict that leads to the development of an alternative that is fully acceptable to everyone involved. This effectively resolves the conflict (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 377). Studies on the use of these different interpersonal conflict handling styles indicate that collaboration is the best approach to managing workplace conflict (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 378). The collaboration style tends to be characteristic of (1) More successful individuals and (2) High-performing, rather than medium- and low-performing organizations (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 378). Furthermore, the use of the collaboration style of conflict management appears to result in positive feelings from employees (Hellriegel, Slocum and Woodman, p. 378). So, it appears that the best style to resolve conflict is the collaborative style. Another suggestion for workplace conflict management is to take a step-by-step approach no matter what style the manager is employing. Author Rudy M. Yandricks article, Integrating Behavioral Strategies: A Solution to Workplace Problems, suggests that a systemic approach to workplace issues by management is essential in todays workplace environment. For example, a step-by-step process can be taken to resolve any workplace conflict. This enables the leader to follow a systematic approach to resolving a conflict. A detailed example of a step-by-step systemic approach is the following: First, the employee reports an issue to his supervisor. Second, the supervisor gathers information in order to gain the best understanding possible of the potential hurdle. Third, the supervisor identifies possible causes of the conflict by collecting information from the team members and from anyone else impacted by it. Fourth, the supervisor meets with a Human Resources specialist who will build a list of potential solutions to the conflict. Fifth, the Human Resources specialist, in conjunction with the supervisor, decides on an appropriate solution to the problem. Sixth, the Human Resources specialist and the supervisor present the solution to the workers. And, finally, the solution must be administered. Additionally, there are exercises that can be done to resolve conflict and tensions in the workplace. For example, in the article by Boss and McConkie, the authors suggest an exercise for situations of conflict where there are contradictory personalities. They suggest a writing exercise where the people in conflict write answers to three questions: What does he or she do well? What do I think I do that bugs him or her? What does he or she do that bugs me? (p. 50) This exercise, according to the authors, gives those in conflict time to get used to an explicitly confrontational situation before either of them has a chance to pop off at the other. It forces some rationality into an emotionally charged situation. Also, those in conflict are forced to look at their own behavior before making any accusations against the other. Completing this exercise will create a non-contentious atmosphere for continuing the conflict resolution. Frequently, after doing an exercise such as the aforementioned, it will become clear that neither person involved in the conflict is intentionally causing problems for the other. Each of the foregoing systemic techniques and styles regarding workplace conflict management can be utilized either separately, or in conjunction with each other, in order to promote a more cohesive work environment. Conclusion Conflicts are part of individual relationships and organizational development, and noorganization can hope to mature to productivity and be successful without being able to resolve conflicts effectively (Cottringer, p. 6). Thus, conflict resolution is an integral part of maintaining a thriving workplace and the techniques and systemic approaches discussed in this paper should be utilized to resolve differences in the workplace. Bibliography Boss, Wayne R. and Mark L. McConkie. Conflict Management in Surgery: Third-Party Intervention. 5/1/2000. Public Administration Management: An Interactive Journal. Available at:https://www. pamij.com/5_1/v5n1_boss.pdf. Retrieved May 22, 2003. Cottringer, William. Conflict Management. Executive Excellence Magazine, 14.8 (1997):6. Hellriegel, Don, John W. Slocum, Jr. and Richard W. Woodman. Organizational Behavior, 8th Edition. Cincinnati, OH: South-Western College Publishing, 1998. Yandrick, Rudy M. Integrating Behavioral Strategies: A Solution to Workplace Problems. Competere Consulting Group. Available at: https://www.competere.com/rudyarticle.html. Retrieved May 22, 2003.

Walt Whitman A Strong Minded and Anxious American Author...

THESIS: Walt Whitman was a very strong minded, and anxious American author, who accomplished goals and made a great impact on the world today. introduction: The great life of Walt Whitman is still talked about today. He went from being a student, to a journalist, then an editor. He was very successful and thoughtful, and made many accomplishments during his 73 years of life. BODY: 1. Walt Whitman didn’t have a terrible life, but it wasn’t perfect.(Walt Whitman.† Encyclopedia Brittanica. Encyclopedia Brittanica online edition. Encyclopedia Brittanica inc. 2012. Web.13 Nov.†¦show more content†¦He was proud of the way he stayed confident, and focused while editing the paper. Walt made it very clear for the readers to understand. Walt’s brother read one of his articles, and next time he wrote Walt, he let him know that he was proud of him for achieving his lifetime goal, and that he wanted to see him soon. On the day that Walt heard that his brother was wounded at war, he traveled up to Fredricksburg, and stayed in a camp about 2 mile away from the base. ( Walt Whitman.† Encyclopedia Brittanica. Encyclopedia Brittanica Academic online edition. Encyclopedia Brittanica inc, 2012. Web.13 Nov.2013 http:// www.brittanica.com / Eb checked/topic/642866 ) He spent his spare time visiting the wounded and dying soldiers. Walt sta yed there until he saw that his brother was doing better, then he returned to Brooklyn and received good news; Whitman had got a promotion, this was January of 1865 but in June he was dismissed because the secretary of the interior thought that â€Å"The leaves of grass† was indecent. That same year, he entitled a poem called â€Å"Drum Tops†, the sequel of this poem contained his great elegy on president Abraham Lincoln. Walt greatly admired Abe’s work. He held the theory that the chief function of the poet personality in his verse. 3. He remained a poet for as long as he could. Walt was one of the oldest poets there was at the time. He started at an early age, and never gave up. He had been getting sick, but he alwaysShow MoreRelatedManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pagesin a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 Feigenbaum−Feigenbaum: The Power of Management Capitol 1. New Management for Business Growth in a Demanding Economy Text  © The McGraw−Hill Companies, 2004 3 the strong business growth of pacesetter companies in the United States and throughout the world? How can companies renew and sustain those factors in the face of the business slowdowns and major fluctuations that challenge the longterm continuation of profitable

Misrepresentation in Business Law - 1672 Words

Introduction to Business Law- Assignment 1B Advise TLC Ltd. as to any possible action they may have for misrepresentation against answer Ltd. _____________________________________________________________________ Treitel in The Law of Contract (2003) defines a contract as: â€Å"An agreement giving rise to obligations which are enforced or recognised by law. The factor which distinguishes contractual from other legal obligations is that they are based on the agreement of the contracting parties.† This quote illustrates the basic criteria for a contract. A contract is a legally binding agreement between two or more parties, it can be written or oral. There is no mention of a written contract between TLC and†¦show more content†¦For this to happen it follows that the reasonable person would consider it an important fact in entering the contract. Museprime Properties Ltd v Adhill Properties Ltd (1990). Answer are the experts and Valentino is their representative, he inspects the needs of TLC and recommends the Bizarre Pentium IV. Therefore it is reasonable to assume that the statements made regarding reliability and suitability were representations made to induce the contract. The issue is whether Valentino purposefully made false statements, was reckless or innocent in those statements. A Fraudulent statement is knowing the statement to be false or being reckless to whether it’s false. Defined in Derry v Peek (1889) by Lord Herschell as a â€Å"false statement made knowingly or without belief in its truth or recklessly careless whether it be true or false†. Recklessly careless means the representee had foreseen it may be false but did not care. There is an element of dishonesty here. In fraudulent cases the burden of proof is on the claimant, this means the claimant must prove the defendants guilt. 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Financial Management Property Construction -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Financial Management Property Construction? Answer: Introducation Procurement is a very crucial process in every construction project. This is the process that determines how the project will be executed, key stakeholders and the overall efficiency of project execution. Therefore it is very important for clients to ensure that they select the most appropriate procurement method so as to complete their projects within stipulated time and budget, and to the required industry standards and quality. This report aims at analyzing different construction procurement methods so as to select the best method for Southern Cross Station project. The project was executed using public private partnership (PPP) procurement method and so this report will investigate if this method was appropriate or whether there is a better procurement method for the project. Project Description Southern Cross Station (formerly known as Spencer Street Station) is one of the mega projects that was designed to transform and improve transport infrastructure in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. The project is located in Docklands, Melbourne, on Spencer Street between La Trobe Street and Collins Street. This station is Victorias civic landmark and one of the biggest infrastructure projects in Melbourne, Australia. It is the 3rd busiest railway station in Melbourne, having an average daily commuter traffic of 100,000(Railway Technology, 2018). The railway station is owned by IFM Investors and operated by AssetCo Management. IFM Investors has signed a 30-year lease agreement with Victorian State Government to own, operate and maintain the station until 2036. The agreement is under a PPP. Southern Cross Station has different features, components and facilities. They include the transport interchange redevelopment, 16 platforms, 22 rail tracks, a retail plaza, main office building, residential towers, passenger information screens displaying real time train departure and arrival information, 30-bay coach station, 800-cars parking facilities, 5-minute pick up and drop off area and improved public facilities. The station is characterized by high-quality baggage-handling, ticketing and waiting services. All these facilities are equipped with state-of-the-art passenger information display, lighting and seating systems. The station is renowned for its unique architectural trapezoidal roof system that covers a whole city block of approximately 600,000 m2. The main objectives of this project were to provide practical transport experience by transforming the existing bus terminus and railway station into a first-rate inter-modal transport facility, ease movement of passengers, improve staffs working environment and management Southern Cross Station a major transport and retain hub. The station serves interstate, regional and metropolitan bus and rail commuters. The target of the project was to manage 15 million passengers annually and increase this number to 45 million by 2020. Southern Cross Station project started in 2000 when the then Southern Cross Station Authority, a representative of the Victorian State Government, was mandated to oversee the procurement, financing, construction and operation of the project. In 2002, the Authority signed a Services and Development Agreement with Civic Nexus Pty Ltd, a private consortium, to design, construct and operate the station for a period of 30 years. Construction works started in 2002 and were scheduled to be completed in 2005. Nevertheless, construction works did not commence as expected due to contractual disputes, cost overruns and delays until 2006(McCann, et al., 2015). Other partners involved in the construction of Southern Cross Station were: Grimshaw Jackson Joint Venture (architects), Leighton Contractors (builders), Delaware North Australia, Honeywell Limited, ABN AMRO and Daryl Jackson Architecture. The entire project was executed by Civic Nexus consortium, which contracted the other partners. The p rimary owner of the project is Public Transport Victoria. As stated before, this project was executed under a PPP. It was initially estimated to cost A$350 million but it is estimated to have cost A$700 million. Construction works commenced in 2002 and ended in 2013. Every year, Civic Nexus is paid A$30 million for operating and maintaining the facility. This will go on until 2036 when the 30-year lease agreement expires. Southern Cross Station Redevelopment project was not completed within stipulated time and budget due to the wrong choice of procurement method. Below are some photos of the Southern Cross Station Factors Affecting Choice of Construction Procurement Method There are several factors that should be considered when selecting a construction procurement method. Some of these include: project completion speed, project cost certainty, authority and ability of the client to make changes, the level of quality needed, the cost of implementing the procurement method, risk management techniques, and clarity of defining the responsibility of each stakeholder(Zuo, 2008). All these factors affect the choice of construction procurement method for a particular project. The choice of procurement methods helps in avoiding numerous problems and plays a big role in attaining the specific project goals and objectives(Clamp, et al., 2009). Some of these factors are discussed below: Cost is one of the biggest factors that determine the choice of construction procurement method. The cost is usually determined during the design stage of the project, with some uncertainties. Some procurement methods are more expensive than others hence the client should select a method that he/she can afford. It must be noted that the client will have to pay some of his/her team depending on the type of procurement method chosen. Hence the client should choose a procurement method that he/she is ready and able to pay its associated expenses. The initial cost of Southern Cross Station project was estimated to be A$350 million but the projects final value was about A$700 million. Time is another factor that affect the choice of construction procurement method. Most projects have timelines hence the procurement method selected should enable the tem to complete it within stipulated time. Some methods allow design and construction phases to overlap while others require the project to be designed completely before the start of construction. If the project has a short deadline then procurement methods that allow overlapping of design and construction phases should be considered. However, these methods also have their challenges such as cost uncertainty and unclear project scope, among others. Clients expertise and requirements The relevant knowledge, experience and skills in construction projects also play a key role in the selection of construction procurement method. For this reason, it is important to know the knowledge, abilities, experience and requirements of the client before selecting the most appropriate procurement method. Clients who do not have comprehensive knowledge, skills and experience in construction projects should select a procurement method that will enable them play their role indirectly by involving their knowledgeable and experienced representatives such as consultants, project managers, engineers, etc. Therefore there are different procurement methods that are suitable for clients with different levels of knowledge and experience in the construction industry. The most important thing is for the client to select a procurement method that will ensure that his/her requirements are met and opinions considered in every decision that is made by the project team. Project characteristics Characteristics of the project also affect the choice of procurement method used for a particular project. These characteristics include: project size, location, complexity, uniqueness, risks, use, etc. Each of these characteristics has unique impacts on the project hence the procurement method selected should address them. Ability to make changes Different construction procurement methods give the client varied levels of ability to make changes to the project design or scope. Some methods allow the client to make changes at any time while others have very limited provisions for the same. It is worth noting that making changes to the project scope during construction stage has huge implications on project cost and time. Therefore it is usually recommended that the project scope and design are completed before the start of construction phase. Most importantly is that each procurement method gives the client a different level of ability to make changes to the project scope. Each construction project has unique risks. If these risks are not properly identified, analyzed and mitigated or prevented, they cause a lot of problems. In this regard, the client should ensure that the construction procurement method selected allocates or transfers risks appropriately t various stakeholders. The persons allocated the risks should fully understand the risks and take full responsibility. Industry preference This is also another factor that should be considered when selecting a construction procurement method. The client should consider the procurement method that most stakeholders are conversant with in the area where the project is being executed. This will make it easier for all stakeholders to understand each other and work as a team. Choosing a familiar procurement method also prevents the likelihood of conflicts and legal issues among stakeholders involved in the project. External factors There are also other external factors that influence the choice of a construction procurement method. Some of these factors include: legal factors, political factors, climatic factors, technological factors, social or community factors, etc. These factors create uncertainty if they arise when the project is ongoing. Procurement method used in Southern Cross Station Project The procurement method used in Southern Cross Station project was PPP. As stated before, Victorian State Government signed a PPP with Civic Nexus to design, finance, construct, operate and maintain the project. PPP is a procurement method where governments collaborate with private companies so as to procure mega projects of high value, and signs an agreement to share risks and opportunities of the project(Plantinga Doree, 2016). This procurement method is mainly used for public infrastructure projects such as roads, bridge, railways, etc. In this method, a private party makes an agreement to finance the project. Characteristics of PPP Procurement Method PPP is an innovative procurement method of delivering mega infrastructure projects(Tang, et al., 2010). This method involves collaboration between private and public sector so as to design, finance, execute, manage and maintain a project(Fernandez, et al., 2016). In this method, the project is usually financed largely by the private entity and partially by the government(Robert, et al., 2014). The method is usually used for infrastructure development projects(Al-Saadi Abdou, 2016),(Ke, 2014). In PPP, the public sector and private sector involved have specific responsibilities(Polyakova Vasilyewa, 2016). The method transfers risks to parties (developers, financiers, construction contractors, suppliers, service providers and operators) that best understands them and which are able to manage them effectively. This method is gaining popularity in many parts of the world including Australia(Wilson, et al., 2010). The main characteristics of PPP are as follows: Single private entity: in PPP procurement method, the government awards the whole project to a single private entity or contractor. This allows the private entity to develop smarter and better solutions for the project. Financing: in most cases, the private sector consortium finances the entire project under a PPP project. Once the project is complete, the government starts paying the private sector consortium over an agreed period of time usually 25-30 years. During this period, the private sector consortium owns the project and rents it to the government. Preparation time: it usually takes longer to prepare and submit bids using PPP approach. This is because both the public and private sectors have to perform due diligence and comprehensive analyses of the project management before making the final decision. Risk: the levels of risks in PPP are relatively high due to the size and complexity of projects executed under this procurement method. The risks are shared between the private sector and public sector even though former bears the highest risk(Rodriguez, 2017). The consortium therefore factors these risks into the bid price of the project. Maintenance: since the private sector consortium is responsible for the maintenance of the project once it is completed, the maintenance cost is factored in the projects overall cost. Expertise: PPP allows governments to capitalize on the best expertise in the private sector. Under this procurement method, the government engage private entities with the best knowledge, skills and expertise. Relationships: PPPs fosters building of long-term relationship between the private and public sectors. Advantages of PPP Procurement Method PPP procurement method has numerous benefits. Some of these are as follows: Innovation: PPP procurement method brings great innovation from the private sector to deliver public projects(World Bank Group, 2016). The private consortium involved in the project always selects the most qualified professionals to undertake specific tasks of the project. These professionals usually provide innovative solutions that are cost effective, environmentally friendly and more efficient. Cost certainty: in PPPs, determination of project costs is done in advance. The government, which is the contracting authority, will only pay this cost of the private entity delivered the agreed project outputs. Cost certainty also helps the government to know the exact amount it will pay, when and how to pay it. Faster delivery: most PPP projects are completed on time. This is because each task is assigned to specialists who are able to execute it faster and better. The method also allows overlapping of design and construction phases. Cost savings: projects executed under PPP are said to be cost effective mainly because of the greater innovations used and the alternative solutions provided(Yuan, et al., 2009). Even though some of these solutions may be expense during the construction phase, they reduce the cost of the project in the long term. Proper utilization of public resources: PPP projects ensures that public resources are used properly. This is because PPP projects involve participation of communities and based on their size, the projects attract strict monitoring from the general public. Since the expected project outputs are known even to the public, the private entity is compelled to put resources into appropriate use. Better quality: the final product built from PPP is usually of high quality(Rodriguez, 2017). This is mainly because the products are created by the most competent professionals in their areas of specialization. The infrastructure built is also maintained properly throughout its lifecycle. Collaboration: PPP promotes collaboration between public and private sectors. This collaboration helps in building strong relationships between the two sectors, which is good for the economy. Incentives: the government is likely to give the private consortium incentives to complete the project on time and within stipulated budget, and to improve the commercial and operational performance of the project. Disadvantages of PPP Procurement Method Some disadvantages of PPP procurement method include: Complexity: PPP projects are usually more complex than other projects in terms of design, structure, construction, operation and maintenance processes. This great complexity is associated with high risks and may lead to disputes, which was the case for Southern Cross Station project. Bidding cost: the cost of bidding a PPP project is quite high. For instance, design professionals will spend a lot of time preparing the designs but all these efforts will be useless if their company loses the bid. Therefore if a company bids and fails to win the contract, it will have lost a significant amount of money used in the bidding process. Political exposure: PPP projects are susceptible to politics. If there is a political change before the project is complete, the new government may abandon or reduce funding of the project thus causing delay and wastage of public resources. Procurement time and cost: procurement process for PPP projects takes a lot of time. The government has to do a lot of due diligence and consultation before choosing the private consortium to award the contract. This length procurement time is also associated with higher transaction costs. The cost is even higher considering the complexity of PPP projects. There is also the fear that people will have to pay in order to use the facility or infrastructure being developed. These claims are usually not true and therefore the involved parties have to educate the public on this issue. When executing a project under PPP, there is a possibility of the private consortium being after making profits and not giving other issues adequate attention. This may also not favor the government and public sector because taxpayers money will be used to pay for the project(Sazonov, 2012). This may also lead to low quality work as the private investor may focus on cost reduction instead of quality. Important Procurement Characteristics There are several procurement characteristics that were very important in selecting PPP as the procurement approach for this project. Some of these characteristics include the following: Cost: the initial cost of Southern Cross Station project was estimated to be A$350 million but the final cost was more than this value. Therefore the client of this project selected a procurement approach that did not deliver the project at the stipulated budget. Time: this project was scheduled to commence in 2002 and be completed in 2005. However, the project was commenced in 2002 and completed in 2013. Therefore the procurement method used did not complete the project within the stipulated time. Part of the project was completed in 2007. Quality: this is another very important procurement characteristic. PPP was selected because it had the potential to deliver the project at the required industry standards and quality. Impact: the procurement method selected was also aimed at ensuring positive impacts of the project on the economy, environment and society. Through PPP contracting, the interests of the general public are always considered. Relationship/collaboration: this is another important procurement characteristics that prompted the selected of PPP. The federal and state government definitely chose this procurement method so as to build relationships with private parties in the construction industry so that they can do business together in the future. These governments have several similar projects in the future and therefore they can always work with these parties when necessary. The success factors of a PPP are: capacity of the public sector to effectively manage its part of the project, political stability and commitment, level of competitiveness in the bidding process, appropriate allocation of risks, and affordability and viability of the project. Potential Reasons Why PPP was Selected for Southern Cross Station Project The likely reasons why PPP may have been selected for Southern Cross Station project are: Project value: the value of Southern Cross Station project was about A$350 million even though the final cost was approximately A$700 million. Therefore PPP procurement method was appropriate since the project value was over A$50 million. Risk transfer: considering the characteristics of Southern Cross Station project, t was not necessary to transfer risks since the Victorian State Government will assume responsibility of the project at the expiry of the contract period. This was useful in avoiding problems that would result to project delays and high cost overruns. What this project required was for its risks to be shared among participants. Therefore PPP was not the best method as it transfers most of the risks to the private entity. Clients knowledge and experience: another reason why alliancing contracting was the most appropriate procurement method for this project is the knowledge and experience of the client. The Public Transport Victoria a government agency, has vast knowledge and experience in this kind of infrastructure projects. Therefore the Authority understands the likely challenges to be faced and how to overcome them so as to complete the project as planned. Building relationships: alliancing contracting is a procurement method that is based on collaboration. The parties involved are able to work as a team, build a working relationship and probably work together in the future. Since Melbourne and Australia as a whole are still developing, the government wanted to work with parties and build good relationship for the purposes of similar projects in the future. Popularity of PPP Procurement Method The popularity of PPP procurement method has continued to increase in many parts of the world(Anderson, 2012). Mot governments are preferring this approach because of their potential benefits and advantages(Roehrich, et al., 2014), some of which have been discussed above. Some of the reasons contributing to the popularity of PPP procurement method are: Policy implications: PPPs have great policy implications in the construction industry. The experience the government has when implementing projects through PPP determines the kind of policies that the government establishes. In most cases, the government formulates policies that favor it and the private parties. Organizational structure: PPPs have systematic management and organizational structures that specify the roles and responsibilities of the private and public sectors involved. This helps in avoiding conflicts and disputes. Government commitment: increased popularity of PPPs is also being contributed by the governments commitment to treat private parties equally and fairly, and reward them appropriately. As a result of this, the private sector is now embracing this procurement method. Utilization of private finance and expertise: PPPs enable governments to utilize the finance resources and expertise in private sector. Through this method, these resources and expertise are transferred from the private sector to the public sector. In other words, PPPs make it possible for governments to attain long-term development goals without having to mobilize vast resources at once(Quelin, 2015). Opinion Procurement method contributes significantly to the success or failure of execution of a construction project(Sethuraman, et al., 2016). There are different construction procurement methods, each suitable for different kinds of projects executed under various situations. These methods have varying risk levels that are transferred onto the contractor, client or other key stakeholders. They differ significantly in terms of risk sharing and liability, management structure, design management, determination of contract price and tendering procedures, among others. The most suitable construction method has to be selected after comprehensive analysis of the projects risks, opportunities, budget constraints and time constraints. PPP is a procurement method that is majorly suitable for government infrastructure projects. This method is mainly suitable for projects valued above A$50 million and those that require risk transfer and not risk sharing. Considering these essential requirements, PPP was not the most suitable procurement method for Southern Cross Station Redevelopment project. There are several other construction procurement methods that would have been used instead of PPP. Each of these other methods has its own advantages and disadvantages(Naoum Egu, 2016). Some of them include: traditional procurement method, design and build method, construction management, management contracting and alliancing, among others(Davis, 2008). From these options, the most appropriate procurement method for Southern Cross Station Redevelopment project is alliancing. Alliancing is an innovative and strategic construction procurement method. It is suitable for mega government infrastructure projects, such as the one in this paper. Advantages of alliancing include: greater flexibility that allow the client and other key stakeholders to make changes easily; greater innovation; allows parties involved to negotiate, agree and build strong relationship for future works(Davis Love, 2011); improved collaboration among stakeholders; equal sharing of risks and benefits; responsibility sharing; interest alignment; and quick dispute resolution(Rooney, 2011). Conclusion Construction projects are very dynamic in nature as they are usually executed by parties from different fields or professions. These projects are executed using varied procurement methods. Each of the procurement method used in construction industry has unique characteristics, advantages and disadvantages. This report has analyzed the procurement method used in executing the about A$700 million Southern Cross Station Redevelopment project. Construction of this infrastructure project started in 2002 and was completed in 2013. Its completion was delayed and it ran into cost overruns mainly because of the wrong procurement method that was used. The procurement method used in this project was PPP. The Southern Cross Station Authority, the agency that represented the Victorian State Government, entered into a partnership with Civic Nexus Pty Ltd to design, finance, construct, maintain and operate the project. The partnership is a 30-year agreement. However, PPP was not the most appropriat e procurement method because of the projects characteristics. This project required a procurement method that promotes equal risk sharing among parties instead of risk transfer. Therefore alliancing was the most suitable method for Southern Cross Station Redevelopment project. This procurement method has greater flexibility, promotes collaboration among parties, is based on risk sharing among parties instead of risk transfer, has less disputes and it brings parties with common interests together. References Acott, K., 2017. New Stadium Train Station on TRack for Bouncedown. [Online] Available at: https://thewest.com.au/news/wa/new-stadium-train-station-on-track-for-bouncedown-ng-b88472013z [Accessed 24 January 2018]. Al-Saadi, R. Abdou, A., 2016. Factors Critical for the Success of Public-Private Partnerships in UAE Infrastructure Projects: Experts' Perception. International Journal of Construction Management, 16(3), pp. 234-248. Anderson, S., 2012. Public, Private, Neither, Both? Publicness Theory and the Analysis of Healthcare Organizations. Social Science Medicine, Volume 74, pp. 313-322. Australian Government, 2015. 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The philosophy of economics marketing - Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss aboutThe philosophy of economics marketing. Answer: Every company requires logistic management so as to facilitate performance of activities. Lack of logistic management strategies affect the performance. In this paper, we consider logistic management issues facing Hanjins Shipping Company. Typically, logistic management refers to supply chain management applied to satisfy customer demands via control, planning and implementation of effective storage, movement of goods, services and relevant information from origin to destination. The main logistic management issues affecting Hanjins Shipping Company are overcapacity and supply chain interruptions. These issues result to low shipping rates. In that connection, the company is putting a lot of pressure on the shipment process. These issues affect supply chain services. The main cause of logistic management problems in the company is based on mismanagement of finances required to facilitate supply chain services (Hausman, 2007). Again, poor planning decision in the logistic business aspe cts contribute to overcapacity. Consequently, failure of their mismanagement of financial and planning decision in the logistic business aspects is a shock to global commerce and logistics. This is clearly asserted by Joe Dunlap, the managing director of supply chain services in Hanjins Shipping Company. This is caused by mounting overcapacity in international shipping and depressed container rates. Mismanagement of financial and planning decision in Hanjins Shipping Company have left retailers and importers to face higher costs. They also face challenges in terms of service impacts as they struggle to search for other alternatives of transport. Logistic management facilitates performance of the company by lowering supply chain service costs. However, logistic management issues facing Hanjins Shipping Company pose negative impacts to the performance of the company. First, they interrupt supply chain services. In that connection, Hanjins Shipping Company is forced to freeze shipments. This results to loss of millions of dollars of merchandise held by the company. This affects the store stock for importers and retailers thus affecting the performance of the company. Another impact on performance is loss of competitive advantage in the market (Dann and Dann, 2007). Although Hanjin is one of the biggest shipping company in the world, retailers and importers affected by logistic management issues, mismanagement of financial and planning decisions will be forced to find other shipping companies so as to meet their demands. In addition, the performance is affected in terms of wealth margin. This is caused by exacerbating profit margin pressure. Therefore, additional costs and interruption of supply chain services impact the company negatively. This squeezes the profits earned by retailers who are forced to withdraw from Hanjins Shipping Company. Lastly, the impact of logistic management issues affect macroeconomic aspects of the company. This expose the company to bankruptcy and supply chain impacts. In that case, retailers are forced to re-evaluate their strategies on import so as to mitigate supply chain interruption (Holmes et al., 2015). This make the company to lose potential customers thus reducing the profit margin. Despite Hanjins Shipping Company facing logistic management issues and mismanagement of financial and planning decisions, the following recommendations will be appropriate to recover from negative impacts. Thus, poor logistic planning affects delivery deadline. The company should identify logistic practices that are cost effective. This will reduce logistic costs. This strategy will facilitate the company to achieve competitive advantage in shipping industry. Hanjins Shipping Company does a lot of shipping which will be propelled by this strategy hence remaining financially viable. Hanjins Shipping Company need to hire competent logistic management team. This strategy will assist the company to meet high customer demands. This will also enable the company to withstand fluctuating global business climate (Marshall, 2013). For this reason, the company need to initiate smart logistic management practices. Again, the company should outsource logistic providers so as to implement logistic practices. This will reduce mismanagement of financial and decision planning in the logistic business aspects. It will save money and time. Shipping is a complex process associated with logistic costs. The company need to have a reliable logistic management practice so as to reduce logistic expenses such as transportation, labor, administration and storage costs. The company should use alternative strategies such as private warehouses so as to have sustainable supply chain services. Lastly, the company should incorporate consolidated shipments. This is a method of shipping where an agent combines many shipping companies into one shipment. It is cost-effective and safer (Krugman, Obstfeld Melitz, 2012). Again, use of cargo insurance will assist in logistic planning. It is also important to incorporate strategies in outsourcing, using a single, integrated platform and supply chain visibility. Timely planning and optimized use of resources are among the recommendations to be incorporated by Hanjins Shipping Company. References Dann, S., Dann, S. (2004)Strategic Internet marketing. Brisbane: John Wiley Sons. Dann, S., Dann, S. (2007) Competitive marketing strategy. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Education. Hausman, D. M. (2007) The philosophy of economics: An anthology. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Holmes, K, Hughes, M, Mair, J Carlsen, J. (2015) Events and sustainability.1st ed. Abingdon: Routledge. Krugman, P. R., Obstfeld, M., Melitz, M. J. (2012) International economics: Theory policy 9th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education. Marshall, B. (2013) Accounting Information Systems. Australian edition. Frenchs Forest, NSW: Pearson Australia.